Epinephrine and Norepinephrine role on Renal Function

Epinephrine. Such as hormones and neurotransmitters, epinephrine works on almost all body tissues. Actions vary according to the type of tissue and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, high levels of epinephrine causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle, but causes contraction of smooth muscle that lines most of the arterioles. Epinephrine acts by binding to various adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a non-selective agonist of adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3.

Epinephrine which binds this receptor triggers a number of metabolic changes. Α-adrenergic binding inhibits the secretion of insulin by the pancreas , stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) in the liver and muscles, and stimulates glycolysis (the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate) in the muscles. β-adrenergic receptor binding triggers the secretion of glucagon in the pancreas, increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increase lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects cause fatty acids and blood glucose increased, providing substrates for energy production in cells throughout the body.

Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles. It is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the concentration of alertness unlike most hormones similar to chemical, dopamine, which is most responsible for cognitive alertness. Areas of the body that produce or affected by norepinephrine described as noradrenergic. One important function of acting as a neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released from sympathetic neurons to affect the heart.

Increased norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of contraction in the heart. Norepinephrine also underlies the response fight-or-flight (emergency), along with epinephrine, directly increases heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle. When norepinephrine acts as a drug, increases blood pressure by increasing vascular tone through activation of α-adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine by dopamine β-hydroxylase in granular secretion of kromafin medullary cells and is released from the adrenal medulla into the blood as a hormone. It is also a neurotransmitter in the nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system center, where he was released from noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. Norepinephrine action is done through binding adrenergic receptors.

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine role on Renal Function

• What Is The Function Of Epinephrine
• What Is The Function Of Norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla and nervous system respectively. They are hormone in an emergency that is released when the body is under extreme pressure. During stress, the body's energy is used to combat the danger. Kidney function is stopped temporarily by epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones work by acting directly on the vascular smooth muscle them. After a limited afferent arterioles, blood flow to the kidney nephrons stop. These hormones go a step further and trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, a hormone system that regulates blood pressure imbalance and water (fluid).

Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.  Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism.  This reaction, known as the “Flight or Fight Response” prepares the body for strenuous activity.  In medicine epinephrine is used chiefly as a stimulant in cardiac arrest, as a vasoconstrictor in shock, and as a bronchodilator and antispasmodic in bronchial asthma.  Epinephrine is found in small amounts in the body and is essential for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because of its ability to divert blood to tissues under stress.

During cardiac arrest  the top priority is to maximize the amount of blood flow through the coronary artery.  Epinephrine, when injected into an intravenous fluid solution, will increase the coronary artery pressure thereby promoting increased coronary blood flow.  Increased doses of epinephrine quicken the response, but some studies have shown that brain and heart damage are some of the side effects.

Anaphylactic shock is caused whenever the heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body due to an allergic reaction, weakening of the heart muscle, or shrinking of the veins (vasodilation).  Injection of epinephrine into the blood stream will cause an increase of blood flow throughout the body.  The relief is only temporary due to the short half-life of adrenaline; therefore, immediate hospitalization is required to ensure safety to the individual.

Individuals who are prone to asthma attacks have lung passages that are more susceptible to inflammation and swelling.  The swelling causes constriction of the muscles around the airway tubes and an increase in mucus.  The combination of these three leads to the shortness of breath, coughing, or wheezing common to those who suffer from asthma.  When inhaled in small doses, epinephrine causes short-term relief from the symptoms by widening the bronchial tubes allowing air to pass through.  Once again epinephrine is not the best cure, but a temporary relief when an asthma inhaler is not present.

Summary

1. Epinephrine, which is produced by the adrenal medulla, causing both smooth muscle relaxation in the airways or contraction of smooth muscle in the arterioles, which cause constriction of blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing or inhibiting blood flow to the nephron.
2. Norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla, is a stress hormone that increases blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose from energy stores, in the kidney, will cause constriction of smooth muscle, resulting in a decrease or inhibit the flow into the nephron.
3. Together, epinephrine and norepinephrine causes constriction of blood vessels associated with the kidney to inhibit the flow into the nephron.